Effects of Adding Mannan Oligosaccharides to Diets with Different Concentrate to Forage Ratios on Ruminal Fermentation of Sheep in vitro

The test was aimed at determining the effects of adding MOS to diets with different concentrate to forage ratios on ruminal fermentation of sheep in vitro.The 4×6 two-factor experimental design was chosen.There were 4 diets with different concentrate to forage ratios(20:80, 30:70, 40:60 and 50:50) and added to 6 dosages MOS(0, 0.4%, 0.8%, 1.2%, 1.6% and 2.0%), respectively.The method of gas production in vitro was used to measure the total gas and CH₄ production, IVDMD, IVCPD and IVOMD after cultured for 3, 6, 9, 12 and 24 h.The results showed that the gas(except 12 and 24 h) and CH₄ production(except 9 h) were not impacted by the two factors(P>0.05).The IVDMD, IVCPD and IVOMD were significantly affected by concentrate to forage ratios(P<0.05), while the IVCPD at 24 h was significantly affected by MOS(P<0.05).Meanwhile, all the indexes were not influenced by the interaction of two factors(P>0.05).The IVDMD and IVOMD increased with the rising of concentrate approximately, while the IVCPD decreased with the rising of MOS roughly.The biggest associative effect was gained in 30:70 concentrate to forage diet when adding 1.2% MOS.     

Effects of formic acid and potassium diformate on the fermentation quality,chemical composition and aerobic stability of alfalfa silage

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of potassium diformate (KDF) as a potential additive for alfalfa silage. Fresh alfalfa was untreated or treated with formic acid (4 g/kg fresh weight, FW) or three concentrations of KDF (4, 5.5 or 7 g/kg FW). After 60 days of ensiling, the addition of formic acid and greater levels of KDF (5.5 and 7 g/kg) effectively reduced silage pH and inhibited the undesirable bacteria, indicated by lower butyric acid, ethanol, ammonia N concentrations and microbial populations (including enterobacteria, yeasts, moulds and clostridia). Additives decreased the dry‐matter loss, and more water‐soluble carbohydrates were preserved in the silages with formic acid or potassium diformate than in the control. Alfalfa silages treated with formic acid at 4 g/kg FW or potassium diformate at 5.5 or 7 g/kg FW were classified as the highest quality silage based on the higher Flieg's point (above 70) and remained stable for more than 9 days during aerobic exposure. Potassium diformate is recommended as an effective additive for alfalfa silages at a level of 5.5 or 7 g/kg FW under the humid and hot conditions of southern China.     

Influence of Aguamiel (Agave atrovirens) as a Natural Feed Additive on Cecal Fermentation Kinetics of Some Forage Species in Horse Feeding

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different dose levels of aguamiel (Agave atrovirens) on in vitro cecal gas, methane (CH₄), and carbon dioxide (CO₂) productions of five forage species (Avena sativa [hay]), Moringa oleifera, Caesalpinia coriacea, Salix babylonica, and Eichhornia crassipes using inocula from the horse. The forage samples were incubated with three doses of aguamiel: 0, 34, and 68 μg of aguamiel/g dry matter (DM) of substrate. Cecal inocula were collected from four adult female Criolla horses (3–4 years of age and weighing 300 ± 15.0 kg) grazed on native grasses for about 8 hours without supplementation. Forage type affected (P < .001) cecal asymptotic, rate and lag time of gas, CH₄ and CO₂ productions (mL/g DM), pH and DM degradability. Aguamiel dose had linear and quadratic effects (P < .05) on the asymptotic and rate of CH₄ productions and rate and lag time of CO₂ productions (mL/g DM). Forage type × aguamiel dose interactions were significant (P < .05) for asymptotic, rate and lag time of gas, and CH₄ and CO₂ productions (mL/g DM). Forage species effects were pronounced (P < .05) on CH₄ and CO₂ productions (mL/g incubated and degraded DM) and proportional CH₄ production at all hours of incubation, except for CO₂ production (mL/g incubated DM). Aguamiel dose affected (P < .05) CO₂ production (mL/g incubated DM) and proportional CO₂ production at the incubated hours. Forage type × aguamiel dose interactions were observed (P < .05) for CO₂ production (mL/g incubated DM) and proportional CO₂ production at the incubated hours but had no impact on CH₄ production. It is concluded that addition of aguamiel to five forage species affected fermentation kinetics of gas production resulting in different in vitro cecal gas, CH₄ and CO₂ productions from these substrates.     

响应面法优化绿色木霉产孢子固体发酵培养基

为探讨绿色木霉固体发酵产孢子的最佳发酵培养基。运用响应面法设计试验,筛选出主要影响因子碳酸钙、硫酸铵及氯化锰,以孢子量为响应值建立二次回归方程,并借助Design Expert 8.0.6软件进行分析数据并确定优化条件。结果表明,在温度28℃,接种量15%,料水比1:0.70的培养条件下发酵7天,孢子量为8.505×10⁹CFU/g。通过优化,最终确定最佳发酵配方为：麸皮（过40目筛）50%,稻壳粉（过20目筛）30%,玉米粉（过80目筛）20%,硫酸铵1.08%,黄豆饼粉2.00%,玉米浆干粉2.00%,碳酸钙0.55%,氯化锰0.37%,pH 6.0~7.0。该配方所用原料廉价易得,发酵水平高,为大规模工业化生产提供保障。     

传统山西老陈醋增香酵母菌的筛选及其特性研究

为选育山西老陈醋用微生物发酵剂,从传统发酵工艺生产的山西老陈醋中分离筛选到5株增香酵母菌。结合形态学和酵母菌26S rDNA Dl/D2区序列分析,初步鉴定Y1为酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae),Y26为毕赤酵母(Pichia scaptomyzae),Y30为假丝酵母(Candida humilis),Y68为红酵母(Rhodotorula sp.),Y70为盔形毕赤酵母(Pichia membranifaciens)。采用固相微萃取和气-质联用技术分析这5株酵母发酵液的主要挥发性成分。结果表明,醇类和酯类挥发性成分种类和组成差异较大;对这5株酵母菌进行耐酸性、乙醇耐受性、高温耐受性发酵试验,结果表明毕赤酵母Y26具有优良的耐酸性、乙醇耐受性。综合其具有高产乙酯类、低产高级醇的特性,毕赤酵母Y26有望开发为山西老陈醋的新型发酵剂。     

热带土壤中解淀粉芽孢杆菌HNU1的鉴定及发酵条件优化

重金属毒性强、不可降解，在环境中可持续存在，土壤中的重金属可通过食物链累积，对生物体的健康构成严重威胁。土壤微生物修复重金属污染方法具有经济成本低、周期短、效率高、无二次污染等优点，也存在外源微生物在土壤环境中不易存活和繁殖的缺点。通过形态观察、生理生化试验以及16S rDNA同源性序列分析对前期研究中分离保存的一株铜富集细菌HNU1菌株进行鉴定，鉴定该菌为解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)。并通过单因素试验和正交试验找出该菌株的最适发酵条件，该菌的最适培养基组成为蔗糖2 g·L-1，酵母粉4 g·L-1，胰蛋白胨6 g·L-1，MgSO4 5 g·L-1。培养条件为初始pH为8.0，温度37 ℃，接种量0.1%，摇床转速180 r·min-1，50 mL三角瓶中装液量20 mL。鉴定的解淀粉芽孢杆菌HNU1菌株对Cu具有良好的富集作用，可进一步开发为微生物肥料用于重金属污染农田土壤的修复，对土壤修复和改良具有重大意义。     

固态发酵醋糟饲料对育肥猪生长性能、养分表观消化率、血清指标及粪便中挥发性脂肪酸含量的影响

本试验旨在研究固态发酵醋糟饲料(SFVD)对育肥猪生长性能、养分表观消化率、血清指标及粪便中挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)含量的影响。选择体况相近[(59.04±0.33)kg]的健康“杜×长×大”三元杂交生长育肥猪60头,随机分为2个组,每组3个重复,每个重复10头猪。对照组饲喂基础饲粮+150 mg/kg土霉素钙,试验组饲喂基础饲粮+5%的SFVD。预试期6 d,正试期35 d。结果表明:与对照组相比,基础饲粮中添加5%的SFVD对育肥猪平均日采食量(ADFI)具有一定的促进趋势(P=0.056);显著降低了育肥猪饲粮中干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、有机物(OM)和总能(GE)的表观消化率(P<0.05),对粗脂肪(EE)表观消化率有一定的促进趋势(P=0.052);显著提高了育肥猪血清谷草转氨酶(AST)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性(P<0.05),血清高密度脂蛋白(HDL)和免疫球蛋白A(IgA)含量也呈现出一定的升高趋势(P=0.055和P=0.077);显著提高了育肥猪粪便中丙酸含量(P<0.05),粪便中甲酸和总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)含量也呈现出一定的升高趋势(P=0.071和P=0.054)。由此可见,基础饲粮中添加5%的SFVD对育肥猪生长性能、肠道健康及免疫性能的提高具有潜在的促进作用。     

产IAA菌株的UV和DES诱变筛选及培养条件优化

为了得到高产吲哚-3-乙酸(IAA)菌株,采用紫外(UV)诱变和硫酸二乙酯(DES)诱变的方法,对从烟草根际土壤中分离得到的一株产IAA并具有溶有机磷性状的促生菌进行诱变选育,并对获得的目标菌株的发酵培养条件进行正交优化。结果表明,菌株经UV诱变和DES诱变均能有效提高其IAA产量。诱变条件为 UV(15 W,30 cm)照射1 min或2 mg·mL^-1 DES处理30 min时,得到1株高产IAA的菌株UV19,其IAA产量为33.77 mg·L^-1,是出发菌株产量的299.48%。菌株UV19经10代继代,其产IAA能力和溶有机磷性状稳定遗传。菌株UV19产IAA培养发酵优化条件为10%装瓶量、初始pH值8、培养温度25℃、接种量3%、培养时间96 h、含500 mg·L^-1色氨酸的LB培养基,优化后IAA产量高达75.47 mg·L^-1,为优化前的2.23倍。本研究结果为菌肥及生物法生产IAA提供了基础材料及技术方案。     

饲粮添加酿酒酵母和地衣芽孢杆菌对绵羊生长性能与瘤胃发酵的影响

【目的】研究饲粮中添加酿酒酵母和地衣芽孢杆菌对绵羊生长性能和瘤胃发酵的影响,为酿酒酵母和地衣芽孢杆菌在肉羊饲粮中的合理应用提供理论依据。【方法】试验选用48只4月龄、体重相近（22.96±2.00）kg、健康的杜泊×小尾寒羊杂交F₁代公羔,根据饲喂添加剂不同随机分为4组：D（对照组,两种菌均不添加）;D1（酿酒酵母,6×10¹⁰CFU/kg）;D2（地衣芽孢杆菌,2×10¹⁰CFU/kg）;D3（酿酒酵母6×10¹⁰CFU/kg+地衣芽孢杆菌2×10¹⁰CFU/kg）,每组12只羊,试验期共75 d,前15 d为适应期,正饲期60d。试验羊每天分别于08:00和18:00进行饲喂,自由采食和饮水。正饲期内每天准确称量记录每只试验羊的喂料量和剩料量,并在第1、30、60 天晨饲前对试验羊进行称重,计算平均日采食量、平均日增重（ADG）及料重比（F/G）。试验结束当天08：00正常饲喂试验羊,3 h后采集瘤胃液,测定发酵参数、消化酶活性以及功能微生物。【结果】1）饲粮中添加酿酒酵母和地衣芽孢杆菌对试验羊的初始体重和终末体重及平均采食量的影响均不显著（P>0.05）,D3组的ADG显著高于D组（P<0.05）,D3组的F/G显著低于D组（P<0.05）,D1和D2组的F/G差异不显著（P>0.05）;2）饲粮中添加酿酒酵母和地衣芽孢杆菌对瘤胃液pH、丁酸浓度及乙丙比的影响均不显著（P>0.05）,D3组的NH₃-N浓度显著低于D组（P<0.05）,TVFA和丙酸浓度显著高于D组（P<0.05）,且D3组与D1和D2组均差异不显著（P>0.05）,D3和D2组的乙酸浓度显著高于D1与D组（P<0.05）;3）D3组的β-葡萄糖苷酶、羟甲基纤维素酶、木聚糖酶及淀粉酶活性均显著高于其他3组（P<0.05）。D1和D2组的β-葡萄糖苷酶、果胶酶、羟甲基纤维素酶及淀粉酶活性与D组无显著差异（P>0.05）。D3组蛋白酶活性显著高于D和D2组（P<0.05）,与D1组差异不显著（P>0.05）,D1和D2组的β-葡萄糖苷酶、果胶酶、羟甲基纤维素酶、木聚糖酶、蛋白酶及淀粉酶活性均差异不显著（P>0.05）;4）添加酿酒酵母和地衣芽孢杆菌对黄色瘤胃球菌、栖瘤胃普雷沃氏菌、嗜淀粉瘤胃杆菌和原虫数量的影响不显著（P>0.05）,D3组的溶纤维丁酸弧菌数显著高于其他3组（P<0.05）,白色瘤胃球菌和产琥珀酸丝状杆菌显著高于D组（P<0.05）,但与D1和D2组差异不显著（P>0.05）。与对照组相比,试验组产甲烷菌数量显著降低（P<0.05）,其中D3组最低。【结论】饲粮中添加6×10¹⁰CFU/kg酿酒酵母和2×10¹⁰CFU/kg地衣芽孢杆菌均会对绵羊瘤胃发酵产生积极影响,提高了瘤胃消化酶的活性,增加了瘤胃有益菌的数量,且二者组合饲喂效果更加显著。     

脂肪酸组合对体外瘤胃微生物发酵挥发性脂肪酸的影响

为研究长链脂肪酸组合对体外培养瘤胃微生物发酵挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）的影响，并得出最优脂肪酸组合及添加水平，试验选取硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸及α-亚麻酸4种脂肪酸因子，设置0.5%、1.0%、1.5%等3个水平进行L₉（3⁴）正交试验，其中Ⅰ~Ⅸ组为试验组、Ⅹ组为对照组，各处理均设3个重复。以3头瘤胃瘘管山羊为瘤胃液供体进行体外发酵试验，测定各组培养液VFA 24 h内的动态变化。结果显示，各组的总挥发性脂肪酸（TVFA）浓度总体上呈先上升后下降再上升的波动变化趋势。其中在6 h时Ⅶ组TVFA浓度最高。乙酸/丙酸比值总体呈下降趋势，6 h前下降较快，6 h后趋于平缓。丁酸摩尔百分比在7.97%~15.41%间变动。主成分与最优组合分析表明，TVFA浓度影响的主次顺序为亚油酸、油酸、硬脂酸、α-亚麻酸；以添加1.5%硬脂酸、0.5%油酸、1.5%亚油酸、0.5%α-亚麻酸时组合效应最好。